BRM5002 Intercultural Awarness for Business Report Sample
This is an individual piece of work and presentation group members must not undertake any joint preparation on this piece of work. Please note that doing so may alert Turnitin to similarity of work among students that could potentially be identified as “collusion”.
Your individual reflective report needs to address the aspects below. The report needs to be structured under the following headings:
1. Reflection on what has been learnt
1.1In this section, you need to provide an evaluation that synthesises the cultural dimensions covered in the presentation and the relevance on these theories in multicultural work environments. Do not include any direct quotes in your answer. Your work must demonstrate the ability to comprehend the concepts under discussion (using effective paraphrasing and summarizing techniques) and make informed meaningful connections. Your answer MUST be supported by in-text references.
1.2. Analysis of cultural dimensions’ models
In this section, you need consider and evaluate any criticisms attracted by these cultural dimensions, and whether research undertaken by other scholars in the field support or contradict the dimensions covered in your presentation.
Do not include any direct quotes in your answer. Your work must demonstrate the ability to comprehend the concepts under discussion (using effective paraphrasing and summarising techniques) and make informed meaningful connections. Your answer MUST be supported by in-text references.
1.3. Reflection on your intercultural awareness
In this section, you need to reflect on how undertaking this research has enlightened your intercultural awareness and offer your opinion on the practical relevance of these theories and knowledge in relation to your professional skills and opportunities to work in multicultural settings. Please reference your work as appropriate.
2. Reflection on your cultural baggage
2.1. Evaluation of your cultural orientation / identity
In this section, you need to consider your cultural orientation in relation to the dimensions
covered in your presentation and various “value orientation” tests that you have carried out as part of your seminar work and independent studies.
For your evaluation, you are required to reflect on your national cultural profile and you own
cultural identity by examining culture-bound values, beliefs and behaviours that shape your
cultural identity and to what extend they conform to the “expectations” of your national cultural profile. Please reference your work as appropriate.
2.2. Evaluation of external influences on your cultural orientation / identity
As intercultural intelligence is a developmental process, in this section your answer should also consider any external influences such multiculturalism, cultural diffusion and assimilation, intercultural personal development, global mindset, etc. that in your opinion may have also shaped your cultural identity. Please reference your work as appropriate.
Solution
1. Reflection on what has been learnt
1.1 Indulgence vs restraint and collectivism vs individualism
Indulgence vs restraint and collectivism vs individualism are two cultural value dimensions that have been extensively researched in the area of cross-cultural psychology (Ruiz-Equihua et al. 2020). I think that the degree of interdependence and collaboration among members of society, as well as the freedom to express oneself and the satisfaction of aspirations, are all reflected in these aspects.
Indulgence vs Restraint
Indulgence describes how much individuals give in to their emotions and wants, while restraint describes how much they control their conduct in accordance with accepted societal standards and regulations. I believe that in highly indulgent cultures, individuals are more prone to put their own happiness and pleasure in life first. In highly restrained cultures, people emphasise self-control and adherence to societal standards (Sun et al. 2019). One aspect of these beliefs is that more indulgent cultures may have more lenient views about activities like drug use, premarital sex, and non-traditional types of partnerships. Traditional values like family, religion and social hierarchies may be more important in highly restrained cultures.
Collectivism vs Individualism
Collectivism refers to how integrated people are into a wider social group and how they prioritise the interests of the collective above their own individual needs. Individualism, on the other hand, places a strong emphasis on the autonomy, independence, and self-reliance of the individual (Campion & Wang, 2019). As per my knowledge, social harmony, collaboration, and adherence to group standards are valued highly in Collectivist cultures. Individual rights, freedom of speech, and personal success are prioritised in individualistic cultures, in contrast. Collectivist cultures may put a larger focus on interpersonal connections and preserving collective cohesion, while individualistic cultures may promote competitiveness and individual accomplishment. Since people may put their personal interests above those of the community, individualism may have the unintended consequence of increasing loneliness and social isolation (Farrukh et al. 2019). Collectivist cultures, on the other hand, may put a large focus on social support and interdependence, which may increase social cohesiveness and well-being.
Indulgence against restraint and collectivism vs individualism are two cultural value dimensions that have far-reaching effects on people and nations (Heydari et al. 2021). Very restrained cultures may place a premium on self-control and adherence to societal standards. In contrast, extremely indulgent cultures may place a premium on individual well-being and the pleasure of life. I think that similar to how individualistic cultures may promote personal development and liberty, collectivist cultures may place a higher value on communal peace and collaboration (Luria et al. 2019). Knowing these cultural norms might help us negotiate cultural misunderstandings and celebrate various human experiences.
Using Hofstede's cultural dimensions framework, the indulgence vs restraint dimension scores are 67 and 20, respectively, for Germany and China. Several facets of social conduct between the two nations reflect this profound gulf in cultural ideals (Hofstede-insights.com, 2023). I understood that in Germany, for instance, there is a stronger emphasis on personal freedom, self-expression, and individualism. Still, in China, the emphasis is more on societal harmony, collectivism, and interdependence. Germans are more prone to indulge their impulses and enjoy life, whereas Chinese people are likelier to practise restraint and emphasise fitting in with societal standards (Farrukh et al. 2019). For instance, compared to the Chinese, Germans consume more alcohol. According to statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2016, Germans used 10.4 litres of pure alcohol per capita, while the Chinese consumed just 5.5 litres (Xiao, 2021). This may be ascribed to Germany's cultural ideal of indulgence, where alcohol use is generally tolerated. However, in China, consuming alcohol is often considered a societal responsibility rather than a personal decision.
1.2. Analysis of cultural dimensions’ models
In order to comprehend cultural differences and their ramifications in a variety of sectors, including management, marketing, and international relations, Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Framework, which consists of Indulgence vs Restraint and Collectivism vs Individualism, has been extensively employed (Escandon-Barbosa et al. 2022). Scholars in the discipline have, however, also levelled criticisms against the framework. I think that the framework has drawn criticism for oversimplifying cultural differences and fostering preconceptions. Opponents claim that cultural dimensions cannot be reduced to a single score since culture is a complex and ever-evolving concept (Litvin, 2019). Therefore, cultural dimensions might vary even within a nation or an area and cannot be generalised to cross all persons from a certain culture.
The framework is also criticised for assuming cultural uniformity within a country, which overlooks the existence of distinct subcultures and social groupings. For instance, in China, there are considerable variances in cultural values and standards between urban and rural regions, across generations, and between ethnic groups (Gerlach and Eriksson, 2021). I believe that the rise of hybrid cultural identities and values, according to some scholars, is a direct result of the framework's failure to account for the effects of globalisation and cultural dispersion. For instance, cultural borders are becoming more ambiguous in many nations as younger generations embrace Western cultural values and behaviours.
Notwithstanding these criticisms, the cultural dimensions framework is nevertheless widely seen as a valuable tool for learning about and appreciating cultural diversity. The cultural dimensions hypothesised by Hofstede have been supported by several empirical research. For instance, research by Rehman (2022) found that nations with higher scores on individualism tend to have greater levels of entrepreneurship and economic development.
Hofstede's cultural dimensions have been supplemented or challenged by other cultural frameworks or dimensions provided by various scholars. For instance, autonomy, compassion, and tradition are only a few of the ten universal values proposed by Schwartz's Values Theory that cut across cultures (Kaasa, 2021). I consider that the GLOBE project, a large-scale study of cross-cultural leadership, has found nine cultural dimensions that reflect various characteristics of cultural diversity, such as power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and gender equality. Although Hofstede's framework for cultural dimensions has drawn criticisms from certain scholars, it has been extensively adopted and is backed by empirical data. Yet, cultural differences are intricate and multidimensional (Jackson, 2020). Therefore, further study is needed to clarify and improve our comprehension.
1.3. Reflection on my intercultural awareness
My grasp of the nuances of cross-cultural communication and interaction has improved due to research on cultural dimensions like indulgence vs restraint and individualism vs collectivism. One of the most important conclusions for university assignment help to be drawn from this research is that cultural variations reflect underlying values and assumptions that affect how individuals see the world and interact with others, not just different practices or beliefs (Campion & Wang, 2019). Building successful and respectful relationships with individuals from various cultural origins requires understanding these cultural values and norms.
The research also emphasises the need to understand cultural diversity among cultures and avoid cultural stereotypes (Farrukh et al. 2019). It is crucial to approach cultural differences with an open mind and a readiness to learn and adapt to various cultural norms and practises. In my opinion, knowledge of cultural dimensions and cross-cultural communication skills are crucial professional skills in today's globalised and multiethnic world. The ability to understand and interact with people from different cultural backgrounds might lead to greater chances for success in business (Heydari et al. 2021). With overseas customers, coworkers, and partners, it may also assist in establishing trust and rapport.
2. Reflection on my cultural baggage
2.1- Evaluation of my cultural orientation/identity
India is a diverse nation with a rich cultural legacy that reflects its history, religions, and traditions. Collectivism, which strongly emphasises family, community, and social relationships, is one of the fundamental cultural values of India. Indian culture places a high value on family, with many generations often residing in the same home (Metcalf, 2019). Spirituality, which is strongly established in the religions of India, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, is another significant cultural element. Many Indians firmly believe in karma and reincarnation, and they use meditation and yoga to find inner calm and self-awareness.
Visitors are often greeted with open arms and shown great kindness in India, where hospitality and respect for guests are equally essential cultural norms. Indian culture places a high value on eating together since it fosters social ties and strengthens relationships (Paul Victor and Treschuk, 2020). I, as someone who identifies with Indian culture, am aware of the impact that these cultural values and beliefs have had on the development of my own personal identity. For instance, I put a premium on family and community and recognise the significance of social connections and relationships. My viewpoint and approach to life have also been affected by my faith in the power of spirituality.
There is a need to question cultural norms that sustain inequity and prejudice. I am aware that not all aspects of Indian culture align with my personal ideas and values. We may better comprehend the complexity of culture and strive towards a more inclusive and equitable society by critically studying cultural values and behaviours that create our cultural identity.
2.2 - Evaluation of external influences on my cultural orientation/identity
In forming India's cultural identity, multiculturalism has played a significant role. With many religions, dialects, and traditions coexisting and influencing one another, India has a long history of the cultural interchange (Barber, 2021). This has resulted in a diverse and distinctive culture where individuals from all origins may feel accepted. Those who identify with Indian culture may have been exposed to diverse ideas and values as a consequence of India's multiethnicity, which has increased their cultural understanding and sensitivity. India's food, music, art, and festivals all reflect the country's multiculturalism. A hybrid culture has emerged as a result of this diversity, in which old values and contemporary ideals coexist (Astrachan et al. 2020). Those who identify as Indian may have been indirectly inspired by India's multiculturalism, which has produced a distinctive cultural identity that values diversity, inclusion, and tolerance.
References
Astrachan, J.H., Binz Astrachan, C., Campopiano, G. and Baù, M., 2020. Values, spirituality and religion: Family business and the roots of sustainable ethical behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 163, pp.637-645. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-019-04392-5
Barber, B., 2021. Social Mobility in Hindu India. In Constructing the Social System (pp. 193-215). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429336638-16/social-mobility-hindu-india-bernard-barber
Campion, L.L. and Wang, C.X., 2019. Collectivism and individualism: The differentiation of leadership. TechTrends, 63, pp.353-356. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11528-019-00399-x
Deshpande, A. and Kabeer, N., 2019. (In) visibility, care and cultural barriers: The size and shape of women’s work in India. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/100992/
Escandon-Barbosa, D., Ramirez, A. and Salas-Paramo, J., 2022. The Effect of Cultural Orientations on Country Innovation Performance: Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Revisited?. Sustainability, 14(10), p.5851. https://www.mdpi.com/1627410
Farrukh, M., Lee, J. W. C., Sajid, M., & Waheed, A. (2019). Entrepreneurial intentions: The role of individualism and collectivism in perspective of theory of planned behaviour. Education+ Training. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ET-09-2018-0194/full/html
Farrukh, M., Lee, J.W.C., Sajid, M. and Waheed, A., 2019. Entrepreneurial intentions: The role of individualism and collectivism in perspective of theory of planned behaviour. Education+ Training. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ET-09-2018-0194/full/html
Gerlach, P. and Eriksson, K., 2021. Measuring cultural dimensions: external validity and internal consistency of Hofstede's VSM 2013 Scales. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, p.662604. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517718303054
Heydari, A., Laroche, M., Paulin, M. and Richard, M.O., 2021. Hofstede's individual-level indulgence dimension: Scale development and validation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, p.102640. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096969892100206X
Hofstede-insights.com (2023) Country comparison, Hofstede Insights. Available at: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/china,germany/ (Accessed: March 21, 2023).
Jackson, T., 2020. The legacy of Geert Hofstede. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 20(1), pp.3-6. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1470595820915088
Kaasa, A., 2021. Merging Hofstede, Schwartz, and Inglehart into a single system. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(4), pp.339-353. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00220221211011244
Litvin, S.W., 2019. Hofstede, cultural differences, and TripAdvisor hotel reviews. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(5), pp.712-717. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jtr.2298
Lövheim, M. and Hjarvard, S., 2019. The mediatised conditions of contemporary religion: Critical status and future directions. Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture, 8(2), pp.206-225. https://brill.com/view/journals/rmdc/8/2/article-p206_206.xml
Luria, G., Cnaan, R.A. and Boehm, A., 2019. National culture of indulgence as predictor of prosocial behavior: Governmental effectiveness as boundary condition. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30, pp.1164-1175. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11266-019-00124-5
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Paul Victor, C.G. and Treschuk, J.V., 2020. Critical literature review on the definition clarity of the concept of faith, religion, and spirituality. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 38(1), pp.107-113. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0898010119895368
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Ruiz-Equihua, D., Romero, J. and Casaló, L.V., 2020. Better the devil you know? The moderating role of brand familiarity and indulgence vs. restraint cultural dimension on eWOM influence in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 29(3), pp.310-328. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19368623.2019.1630698
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Xiao, W.S., 2021. The role of collectivism–individualism in attitudes toward compliance and psychological responses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, p.600826. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600826/full
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